Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of magma which is a hot 600 to 1 300 c or 1 100 to 2 400 f molten or partially molten rock material. Hypabyssal rocks are less common than plutonic or volcanic rocks and often form dikes sills laccoliths lopoliths or phacoliths.
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The rock with large crystals large crystals in igneous rocks are usually attributed to a slow rate of crystallization.
What do igneous rocks look like. Its dark minerals are rich in magnesium mg and iron fe hence basalt is called a mafic rock. They are intrusive rocks and they are made up of mineral elements including pyroxene feldspar and sometimes olivine. This looks like dark black glass.
Earth is composed predominantly of a large mass of igneous rock with a very thin veneer of weathered material namely sedimentary rock whereas sedimentary rocks are produced by processes operating mainly at earth s surface by the. When magma rises up to the surface of the earth and then hardens we get something called extrusive igneous rock. Gabbros are the dark colored and coarse grained igneous rocks.
However with pegmatites large crystals are attributed to low viscosity fluids that allow ions to be very mobile. This type of rock is almost a bit glassy in texture as they form very very quickly. Pyroclastic igneous rock is a texture composed of volcanic fragments ranging from very fine ash to very coarse tuffs and breccias.
For example pele s hair is long extremely thin strands of volcanic glass while pahoehoe is smooth lava that forms shiny rounded piles. Scoria usually has a composition similar to basalt but it can also have a composition similar to andesite. This also formed with very rapid cooling.
If lava cools almost instantly the rocks that form are glassy with no individual crystals like obsidian. Scoria is a dark colored igneous rock with abundant round bubble like cavities known as vesicles. There are many other kinds of extrusive igneous rocks.
Vesicular igneous rocks such as pumice look bubbly and form before gases are able to escape as lava forms the rock. Intrusive igneous rocks that form near the surface are termed subvolcanic or hypabyssal rocks and they are usually much finer grained often resembling volcanic rock. Types of extrusive igneous rocks are pumice and basalt.
It ranges in color from black or dark gray to deep reddish brown. Basalt is the dark fine grained stuff of many lava flows and magma intrusions. They appear grey in color with minute dark spots all over them.
The two best known igneous rock types are basalt and granite which have distinctly different compositions and textures.
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